Lead Concentration Levels in the Drinking Water from Parks in Oakland and Piedmont, California
Breanna Buford, Tamara Lawrence, Damari Lawrence, Willie Lewis, Nasif Lockett, Naila Tyner, Supraja Swamy
Dolores Avila, Jessica Diaz, CJ Quach
Lawrence Hall of Science, University of California at Berkeley

Introduction
Lead is a common metal that can be detrimental to health if ingested. Lead can contaminate the
environment which we are living in subtly in several ways. It can seep into drinking water via lead
piping, or it can be emitted into the atmosphere from various pollutants such as from the exhausts
of automobiles and factories. Most lead pipes have been replaced, but many pipes are connected
with solder containing lead, and when corrosion occurs in the pipe, lead is released into the drinking
water. Paint in old toys even contains lead. When entering a child’s body, lead can damage the
nervous system, stunt growth, cause learning and hearing problems, and cause headaches. In adults,
lead causes joint pain, high blood pressure, nerve disorders, reproductive problems, and memory
problems.

Due to the detrimental effects of lead on people, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
has set the limit to the maximum concentration of lead in water to fi fteen parts per billion. In areas
such as parks and public spaces, where people spend leisure time, if the concentration of lead is
equal to or greater than this limit in water fountains, these fountains now pose a threat to the health
and safety of the society. Hence, to determine how safe the water in the public parks is, several
fountains in Oakland’s public parks were tested. With the hundreds of visitors each day drinking
from the water fountains in these green spaces, if there were to be a contamination of lead, then
hundreds of thousands of people would be subject to detrimental health defects.

Methods
From July to November 2008, water samples were collected and tested for lead from 5
parks in Oakland and Piedmont, Ca. Parks were chosen due to their proximity to summer
program location and because of high usage at some of the sites. Two to four samples were
taken from drinking fountains around the parks. Four of our fi ve sites included water fountains
next to a playground. One liter of water was drawn from each fountain with no purging
time. Twenty six samples were collected in total on different days from the fi ve sites. All
were collected after 10 am. Ten drops of nitric acid were added to preserve the acid until it
would be tested in the lab. Samples were tested at the Lawrence Hall of Science in Berkeley,
Ca. The EBAYS Team conducted experiments the HACH DR/4000 Procedure that uses a
spectrophotometer to read traces of lead. Results were given in micrograms/liter which convert
to ppb.

Discussion
Twenty three of the twenty six samples tested had a lead concentration over the EPA
standard of 15 ppb. These results could indicate that all parks in Oakland contain high
amounts of lead. The quality of drinking water does not differ greatly between Piedmont
and Oakland. Water contamination is happening differently and perhaps from difference
point sources in each fountain as the high standard deviation among the data points
indicates. A possible explanation to the discrepancy is the amount of corrosion in the
different sets of pipes leading to each of the fountains.

The high standard deviation of our results indicates that the contamination is not
necessarily occurring in the EBMUD plant. In a previous EBAYS study, eleven out of
thirteen public schools tested for lead contained at least one fountain with a concentration
of lead over the EPA limit. The contamination probably occurs somewhere in the piping
system leading to the fountains or schools. Testing water samples from businesses and
houses surrounding the parks could help pinpoint the location of contamination.
High concentration of lead poses a threat to the health of anyone who visits public
parks. To warn people of the contaminated water, the parks should posts signs indicating
that health hazard. People could also try running the water for fi fteen seconds before
drinking it to avoid contamination since studies show that purging the water lessens lead
contamination.

Represenatives of Oakland Public Works were contacted to get information regarding
pipe maintenance. The information shared with them led them to pay for their own study
of the three parks in Oakland. All of their results, however, were below the EPA limit.

Conclusion
• All of our sites contain average lead concentrations above the EPA standard of 15ppb.
• There was little difference in lead contamination between the parks.
• Further testing of more samples is required since supplemental study by Oakland Public Parks
demonstrated contradicting results that show water poses slight health risks.

Works Cited
Cech, Irina et.al. “Lead and Copper in Drinking Water Fountains-Information for Physicians.”
Southern Medical Journal 99.2 (2006): 137-142.

“Lead in Drinking Water.” August 2006. Environmental Protection Agency. 10 July 2008.

Northgate Environmental Mangament, Inc. “Evaluation of Lead in Drinking Water of Three City Parks Oakland, CA.”
11 December 2008